Panduan Docker untuk Developer 2026: Tutorial Lengkap dari Dasar

Docker adalah tool wajib untuk developer modern. Dengan Docker, “works on my machine” bukan lagi excuse! Di artikel ini, kita belajar Docker dari nol sampai bisa deploy aplikasi production-ready.

Apa Itu Docker?

Docker adalah platform untuk develop, ship, dan run aplikasi dalam containers. Container adalah package yang berisi aplikasi + semua dependencies-nya.

Kenapa Pakai Docker?

1. Consistency

Development = Staging = Production
No more “works on my machine”
Same environment everywhere

2. Isolation

Setiap app dalam container terpisah
Tidak bentrok dependencies
Clean & organized

3. Portability

Run anywhere (laptop, server, cloud)
Easy migration
Platform independent

4. Efficiency

Lightweight (vs VM)
Fast startup (<1 second)
Resource efficient

5. Scalability

Easy horizontal scaling
Load balancing
Microservices ready

Docker vs Virtual Machine

Feature	Docker	VM
Size	MB	GB
Startup	Seconds	Minutes
Performance	Native	Overhead
Isolation	Process-level	OS-level
Resource	Shared kernel	Full OS

Install Docker

Windows/Mac

Download Docker Desktop: https://www.docker.com/products/docker-desktop

Linux (Ubuntu)

curl -fsSL https://get.docker.com -o get-docker.sh
sudo sh get-docker.sh
sudo usermod -aG docker $USER

Verify Installation

docker --version
docker run hello-world

Konsep Dasar Docker

1. Image

Blueprint/template untuk container. Read-only.

# Pull image dari Docker Hub
docker pull nginx
docker pull node:20
docker pull mysql:8.0

2. Container

Running instance dari image.

# Run container
docker run nginx

# Run dengan nama
docker run --name my-nginx nginx

# Run di background
docker run -d nginx

# Run dengan port mapping
docker run -d -p 8080:80 nginx

3. Dockerfile

Recipe untuk build custom image.

# Dockerfile
FROM node:20-alpine

WORKDIR /app

COPY package*.json ./
RUN npm install

COPY . .

EXPOSE 3000

CMD ["npm", "start"]

4. Docker Compose

Manage multi-container applications.

# docker-compose.yml
version: '3.8'

services:
  web:
    build: .
    ports:
      - "3000:3000"
    depends_on:
      - db
    environment:
      - DATABASE_URL=mysql://root:password@db:3306/myapp

  db:
    image: mysql:8.0
    environment:
      - MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=password
      - MYSQL_DATABASE=myapp
    volumes:
      - db-data:/var/lib/mysql

volumes:
  db-data:

Docker Commands Essentials

Container Management

# List running containers
docker ps

# List all containers
docker ps -a

# Start container
docker start container_name

# Stop container
docker stop container_name

# Restart container
docker restart container_name

# Remove container
docker rm container_name

# Remove all stopped containers
docker container prune

Image Management

# List images
docker images

# Remove image
docker rmi image_name

# Remove unused images
docker image prune

# Build image
docker build -t my-app:1.0 .

# Tag image
docker tag my-app:1.0 username/my-app:1.0

# Push to Docker Hub
docker push username/my-app:1.0

Logs & Debugging

# View logs
docker logs container_name

# Follow logs
docker logs -f container_name

# Execute command in container
docker exec -it container_name bash

# Inspect container
docker inspect container_name

# View container stats
docker stats

Dockerfile Best Practices

1. Use Official Base Images

# Good
FROM node:20-alpine

# Bad
FROM ubuntu
RUN apt-get install nodejs

2. Multi-Stage Builds

# Build stage
FROM node:20-alpine AS builder
WORKDIR /app
COPY package*.json ./
RUN npm install
COPY . .
RUN npm run build

# Production stage
FROM node:20-alpine
WORKDIR /app
COPY --from=builder /app/dist ./dist
COPY package*.json ./
RUN npm install --production
CMD ["node", "dist/index.js"]

3. Minimize Layers

# Bad
RUN apt-get update
RUN apt-get install -y curl
RUN apt-get install -y git

# Good
RUN apt-get update && \
    apt-get install -y curl git && \
    rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*

4. Use .dockerignore

node_modules
npm-debug.log
.git
.env
*.md
.vscode

5. Don’t Run as Root

FROM node:20-alpine

# Create app user
RUN addgroup -g 1001 -S nodejs
RUN adduser -S nodejs -u 1001

WORKDIR /app
COPY --chown=nodejs:nodejs . .

USER nodejs

CMD ["node", "index.js"]

Docker Compose Examples

Node.js + MongoDB

version: '3.8'

services:
  app:
    build: .
    ports:
      - "3000:3000"
    environment:
      - MONGO_URL=mongodb://mongo:27017/myapp
    depends_on:
      - mongo

  mongo:
    image: mongo:7
    volumes:
      - mongo-data:/data/db
    ports:
      - "27017:27017"

volumes:
  mongo-data:

React + Node.js + PostgreSQL

version: '3.8'

services:
  frontend:
    build: ./frontend
    ports:
      - "3000:3000"
    depends_on:
      - backend

  backend:
    build: ./backend
    ports:
      - "5000:5000"
    environment:
      - DATABASE_URL=postgresql://postgres:password@db:5432/myapp
    depends_on:
      - db

  db:
    image: postgres:16
    environment:
      - POSTGRES_PASSWORD=password
      - POSTGRES_DB=myapp
    volumes:
      - postgres-data:/var/lib/postgresql/data

volumes:
  postgres-data:

Docker Networking

Network Types

bridge (default): Isolated network
host: Use host network
none: No network

# Create network
docker network create my-network

# Run container in network
docker run -d --network my-network --name app1 nginx
docker run -d --network my-network --name app2 nginx

# Containers can communicate by name
# app1 can ping app2

Docker Volumes

Types of Volumes

Named volumes: Managed by Docker
Bind mounts: Mount host directory
tmpfs: In-memory storage

# Named volume
docker run -v my-data:/app/data nginx

# Bind mount
docker run -v $(pwd):/app nginx

# Read-only mount
docker run -v $(pwd):/app:ro nginx

Production Deployment

1. Docker Swarm

# Initialize swarm
docker swarm init

# Deploy stack
docker stack deploy -c docker-compose.yml myapp

# Scale service
docker service scale myapp_web=5

2. Kubernetes

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: myapp
spec:
  replicas: 3
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: myapp
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: myapp
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: myapp
        image: myapp:1.0
        ports:
        - containerPort: 3000

3. Cloud Platforms

AWS: ECS, EKS, Fargate
Google Cloud: GKE, Cloud Run
Azure: AKS, Container Instances
DigitalOcean: App Platform, Kubernetes

Security Best Practices

1. Scan Images for Vulnerabilities

docker scan my-app:1.0

2. Use Minimal Base Images

# Alpine is smaller & more secure
FROM node:20-alpine

3. Don’t Store Secrets in Images

# Bad
ENV API_KEY=secret123

# Good - use environment variables
# docker run -e API_KEY=secret123 my-app

4. Keep Images Updated

# Rebuild regularly
docker build --no-cache -t my-app:latest .

5. Limit Container Resources

services:
  app:
    image: my-app
    deploy:
      resources:
        limits:
          cpus: '0.5'
          memory: 512M

Troubleshooting Common Issues

Container Exits Immediately

# Check logs
docker logs container_name

# Run interactively
docker run -it my-app sh

Port Already in Use

# Find process using port
lsof -i :3000

# Use different port
docker run -p 3001:3000 my-app

Permission Denied

# Add user to docker group
sudo usermod -aG docker $USER

# Logout and login again

Out of Disk Space

# Clean up
docker system prune -a

# Remove volumes
docker volume prune

Docker Cheat Sheet

# Build & Run
docker build -t app .
docker run -d -p 3000:3000 app

# Compose
docker-compose up -d
docker-compose down
docker-compose logs -f

# Clean Up
docker system prune -a
docker volume prune
docker network prune

# Debug
docker logs -f container
docker exec -it container sh
docker inspect container

Kesimpulan

Docker adalah game-changer untuk development workflow. Dengan Docker, Anda bisa:

Consistent environment
Easy collaboration
Fast deployment
Better scalability
Production-ready apps

Key takeaways:

Start with official images
Use Docker Compose for multi-container
Follow security best practices
Keep images small & updated
Practice with real projects

Panduan Docker untuk Developer 2026: Tutorial Lengkap dari Dasar

Panduan Docker untuk Developer 2026: Tutorial Lengkap dari Dasar

Apa Itu Docker?

Kenapa Pakai Docker?

Docker vs Virtual Machine

Install Docker

Windows/Mac

Linux (Ubuntu)

Verify Installation

Konsep Dasar Docker

1. Image

2. Container

3. Dockerfile

4. Docker Compose

Docker Commands Essentials

Container Management

Image Management

Logs & Debugging

Dockerfile Best Practices

1. Use Official Base Images

2. Multi-Stage Builds

3. Minimize Layers

4. Use .dockerignore

5. Don’t Run as Root

Docker Compose Examples

Node.js + MongoDB

React + Node.js + PostgreSQL

Docker Networking

Network Types

Docker Volumes

Types of Volumes

Production Deployment

1. Docker Swarm

2. Kubernetes

3. Cloud Platforms

Security Best Practices

1. Scan Images for Vulnerabilities

2. Use Minimal Base Images

3. Don’t Store Secrets in Images

4. Keep Images Updated

5. Limit Container Resources

Troubleshooting Common Issues

Container Exits Immediately

Port Already in Use

Permission Denied

Out of Disk Space

Docker Cheat Sheet

Kesimpulan

Artikel Terkait

Bagikan Artikel Ini